Healthy Gamer Research Citations

Here are some of the articles and studies we've used to develop our resources on mental health. This comprehensive collection covers a wide range of topics, including anxiety, depression, ADHD, meditation, trauma, post-traumatic growth, and many more.

Overall we've pulled thousands of studies, but these are just a few that we found to be important to share. This is just a starting point. We plan to regularly update this with more citations and specificity over time.

These references provide the scientific foundation for our content, programs, and guides, ensuring you receive evidence-based support and information.

Bystritsky, A., Khalsa, S. S., Cameron, M. E., & Schiffman, J. (2013). Current diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders. P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 38(1), 30–57.
Stein, D. J., Lim, C. C., Roest, A. M., De Jonge, P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., ... & Scott, K. M. (2017). The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder: Data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. BMC medicine, 15(1), 1-21.
Olaya, B., Moneta, M. V., Miret, M., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., & Haro, J. M. (2018). Epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder and the moderating role of age: Results from a population-based study. Journal of affective disorders, 241, 627-633.
Roy-Byrne, P. P., Craske, M. G., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Panic disorder. The Lancet, 368(9540), 1023-1032.
LeDoux, J. E., & Pine, D. S. (2016). Using neuroscience to help understand fear and anxiety: a two-system framework. American journal of psychiatry.
Martin, E. I., Ressler, K. J., Binder, E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2009). The neurobiology of anxiety disorders: brain imaging, genetics, and psychoneuroendocrinology. Psychiatric Clinics, 32(3), 549-575
Davidson, R. J. (2002). Anxiety and affective style: Role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Biological Psychiatry, 51(1), 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01328-2
Etkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), 1476-1488. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504
Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B. (2006). An insular view of anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 60(4), 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.042
LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23(1), 155-184. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.155
Nitschke, J. B., Sarinopoulos, I., Mackiewicz, K. L., Schaefer, H. S., & Davidson, R. J. (2006). Functional neuroanatomy of aversion and its anticipation. NeuroImage, 29(1), 106-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.044
Bishop, S. J. (2007). Neurocognitive mechanisms of anxiety: An integrative account. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(7), 307-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.008
Stein, M. B., & Simmons, A. N. (2007). Neurocircuitry of fear and anxiety: Insights from neuroimaging studies. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, 17(4), 445-455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2007.07.003
Rauch, S. L., Shin, L. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2006). Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: Human neuroimaging research—past, present, and future. Biological Psychiatry, 60(4), 376-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.004
Hariri, A. R., Mattay, V. S., Tessitore, A., Fera, F., & Weinberger, D. R. (2003). Neocortical modulation of the amygdala response to fearful stimuli. Biological Psychiatry, 53(6), 494-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01786-9
Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00069-1
Hofmann, S. G., & Smits, J. A. J. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(4), 621-632. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0415
Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001). The amygdala: Vigilance and emotion. Molecular Psychiatry, 6(1), 13-34. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000812
Critchley, H. D., Rotshtein, P., Nagai, Y., O'Doherty, J., & Mathias, C. J. (2004). Activity in the human brain predicting differential heart rate responses to emotional facial expressions. NeuroImage, 24(3), 751-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.10.013
Gorman, J. M., Kent, J. M., Sullivan, G. M., & Coplan, J. D. (2000). Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(4), 493-505. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.493
Barlow, D. H. (2002). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1247-1263. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1247
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 167-195. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1998). A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(9), 809-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00063-1
Etkin, A., Prater, K. E., Schatzberg, A. F., Menon, V., & Greicius, M. D. (2009). Disrupted amygdalar subregion functional connectivity and evidence of a compensatory network in generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(12), 1361-1372. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.104
Andrews, G., & Crino, R. (2005). Treating generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Change, 22(1), 36-49. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.2005.22.1.36
Grillon, C. (2008). Models and mechanisms of anxiety: Evidence from startle studies. Psychopharmacology, 199(3), 421-437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-1019-1
Kim, M. J., & Whalen, P. J. (2009). The structural integrity of an amygdala-prefrontal pathway predicts trait anxiety. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(37), 11614-11618. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2335-09.2009
Hamm, A. O., & Weike, A. I. (2005). The neuropsychology of fear learning and fear regulation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 57(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.01.006
LeDoux, J. E., & Pine, D. S. (2016). Using neuroscience to help understand fear and anxiety: A two-system framework. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(11), 1083-1093. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030353
Goldstein, M. Z., & Herbert, J. D. (2005). Cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A treatment manual. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(5), 527-541. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20073
Moser, J. S., Huppert, J. D., Duval, E. R., & Simons, R. F. (2008). Face processing biases in social anxiety: An electrophysiological study. Biological Psychology, 78(1), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.12.003
Stein, M. B., & Sareen, J. (2015). Generalized anxiety disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(21), 2059-2068. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1502514
Craske, M. G., Stein, M. B., Eley, T. C., Milad, M. R., Holmes, A., Rapee, R. M., & Wittchen, H. U. (2017). Anxiety disorders. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3, 17024. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.24
Amstadter, A. B. (2008). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(2), 211-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.02.004
Heeren, A., & McNally, R. J. (2016). A call for complexity in the study of social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(4), 518-522. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702615615862
Gross, J. J., & Jazaieri, H. (2014). Emotion, emotion regulation, and psychopathology: An affective science perspective. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 387-401. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614536164
Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Wittchen, H. U. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21(3), 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1359
Hofmann, S. G., & Smits, J. A. J. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(4), 621-632. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0415
Etkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(10), 1476-1488. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2005). Attentional bias in generalized anxiety disorder versus depressive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(1), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-1646-y
Sussman, T. J., Jin, J., Mohanty, A., & Saron, C. D. (2016). Cognitive control processes link social anxiety with early-stage visual processing biases for angry faces. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00018
Stein, D. J., Phillips, K. A., Bolton, D., Fulford, K. W., Sadler, J. Z., & Kendler, K. S. (2010). What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V. Psychological Medicine, 40(11), 1759-1765. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709992261
Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69-93). Guilford Press.
Chambless, D. L., & Gillis, M. M. (1993). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 248-260. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.2.248
Gorman, J. M., & Sloan, R. P. (2000). Heart rate variability in depressive and anxiety disorders. American Heart Journal, 140(4), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2000.109981
Schoevers, R. A., Deeg, D. J., van Tilburg, W., & Beekman, A. T. (2005). Depression and generalized anxiety disorder: Co-occurrence and longitudinal patterns in elderly patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(1), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200501000-00006
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(8), 741-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00022-3
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Monahan, P. O., & Löwe, B. (2007). Anxiety disorders in primary care: Prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146(5), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004
Moscovitch, D. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2007). When ambiguity hurts: Social standards moderate self-appraisals in generalized social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(5), 1039-1052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.008
Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). Acceptability and suppression of negative emotion in anxiety and mood disorders. Emotion, 6(4), 587-595. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.6.4.587
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.

Kraus, C., Kadriu, B., Lanzenberger, R., Zarate Jr, C. A., & Kasper, S. (2019). Prognosis and improved outcomes in major depression: a review. Translational psychiatry, 9(1), 1-17.
Kennedy, S. H. (2008). Core symptoms of major depressive disorder: relevance to diagnosis and treatment. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 10(3), 271.
Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive therapy and research, 36(5), 427-440.
Hofmann, S. G., Curtiss, J., Carpenter, J. K., & Kind, S. (2017). Effect of treatments for depression on quality of life: a meta-analysis. Cognitive behaviour therapy, 46(4), 265-286.
Williams, S., & Dale, J. (2006). The effectiveness of treatment for depression/depressive symptoms in adults with cancer: a systematic review. British journal of cancer, 94(3), 372-390.
Price, J. L., & Drevets, W. C. (2010). Neurocircuitry of mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), 192-216. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.104
Mayberg, H. S. (2003). Modulating dysfunctional limbic-cortical circuits in depression: Toward development of brain-based algorithms for diagnosis and optimized treatment. British Medical Bulletin, 65(1), 193-207. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/65.1.193
Duman, R. S., & Aghajanian, G. K. (2012). Synaptic dysfunction in depression: Potential therapeutic targets. Science, 338(6103), 68-72. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222939
Nestler, E. J., Barrot, M., DiLeone, R. J., Eisch, A. J., Gold, S. J., & Monteggia, L. M. (2002). Neurobiology of depression. Neuron, 34(1), 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00653-0
Castrén, E., & Rantamäki, T. (2010). The role of BDNF and its receptors in depression and antidepressant drug action: Reactivation of developmental plasticity. Developmental Neurobiology, 70(5), 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.20758
Gotlib, I. H., & Joormann, J. (2010). Cognition and depression: Current status and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6(1), 285-312. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305
Krishnan, V., & Nestler, E. J. (2008). The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature, 455(7215), 894-902. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07455
Disner, S. G., Beevers, C. G., Haigh, E. A. P., & Beck, A. T. (2011). Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(8), 467-477. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3027
Hamilton, J. P., & Gotlib, I. H. (2008). Neuroscience perspectives on sex differences in depression. Development and Psychopathology, 20(4), 1207-1235. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000573
Pizzagalli, D. A. (2014). Depression, stress, and anhedonia: Toward a synthesis and integrated model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 393-423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185606
McEwen, B. S. (2003). Mood disorders and allostatic load. Biological Psychiatry, 54(3), 200-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00177-X
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Muller, N., & Schwarz, M. J. (2007). The immune-mediated alteration of serotonin and glutamate: Towards an integrated view of depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 12(11), 988-1000. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4002006
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Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65
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Dresler, T., Sandberg, A., Ohman, A., & Piefke, M. (2014). How to investigate the episodic memory dysfunction in ADHD? A methodological overview of neuropsychological and neuroimaging methods to examine ADHD-related episodic memory dysfunctions. Journal of Attention Disorders, 18(8), 681-691. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713482589
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Healthy Gamer Citations

Anxiety

Depression

ADHD

Meditation

Trauma

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Post Traumatic Growth

Maladaptive Coping

Time Blindness

Psychopathy in Women

Asking for Help

Dark Side of Empathy

Male Mental Health

Male Suicide

Neuroscience of Addiction Recovery

Neuroscience of Acceptance

Cognitive Bias and Depression

Habit Formation

Male Social Phobia

Autism in Women

Dopamine Resistance

Addiction in Women

Acceptance

Sex Addiction

ADHD in Women

Neuroscience of Willpower

Food Cravings

Therapy for ADHD

Sleep

C-PTSD

Dissociation

Jealousy

Anhedonia

Cultivating Interest

Roots of Addiction

Marijuana

Avoidance

Bipolar Type II

Gentle Parenting

Need for Social Interaction

Deaths of Despair

Brain Rot

ADHD and Obesity

Stalking

Neuroscience of Satiety

Dreams and PTSD

Loss Aversion

Cognitive Barriers to Exercise